Printing is a graphic reproduction technique. Therefore, printing is also a technique that spreads social culture characterized by graphic reproduction. When human social civilization progresses to a certain stage, driven by people's demand for social culture, social production will divide the labor and produce a social printing industry that uses graphic reproduction as a business.
Social culture contains a wide range of content, and thus the images and texts that need to be copied are also varied. Silk printing and dyeing used in clothing during the Qin and Han Dynasties was the application of printing; engraving and printing after the Sui and Tang Dynasties was the development of printing; contemporary banknotes were printed matter; and product packaging and decoration were printed. However, in the social and cultural products, books and other publications have always been considered as the most important material carrier of social and cultural heritage. Therefore, publications such as books, publications, and newspapers naturally occupy an important position in the printing industry. The contemporary publishing of books and publications has always occupied an important position in the contemporary printing industry.
The recovery and development of the printing industry > Section 1 The recovery and development of the book printing industry
After entering this century, traditional wood engraving printing has gradually declined with the development of lead and stone printing techniques from the West. Instead of lead and stone printing, it was first spread slowly in several large eastern cities such as Shanghai, Guangzhou and Tianjin. The printing plants represented by the Commercial Press and Zhonghua Book Bureau are mainly engaged in the printing of books and periodicals. By the 30th century, Shanghai's book printing industry had seen a period of prosperity. Shanghai also became the center of China's publishing press at that time. However, the landscape was not long. Under the gloom of Japan’s war of aggression against China, China’s publishing and printing industry was devastated and waned. China's contemporary book printing industry has developed in this historical context.
Printing features> 1. The characteristics of book printing
People are accustomed to divide printing into book printing, newspaper printing, packaging and decorating printing, securities printing, etc. This distinction is of course to have different functions for these prints, but different prints do reflect the different characteristics of these prints. So, what are the characteristics of book printing?
1. Book printing dominates the printing industry
For a long time, because China’s economy is still relatively backward, and because people’s commodity economic concepts are relatively weak, in addition to books, newspapers, and other printed materials, other areas such as packaging and printing, industrial printing, etc. account for the entire printing industry. The proportion is very small. In contrast, the production capacity of book printing is dominant in the entire printing industry. There are 300-500 small-scale book printing companies, 500-1000 medium-sized people, and 1,000 or more large-scale book printing companies. Like Beijing Xinhua Printing Factory, by the end of 1959, the total number of employees had reached more than 3,000. The Printing House of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. At the end of 1984, the total number of employees was 1,104. The annual production capacity was 20,583 million words (including a quarter of foreign languages), printed lead printing was 106,000, and lithographic printing was 31,000 colors. The binding of books was 9.8. Million. In the fifties and seventies, books and periodicals printing (excluding newspaper printing) accounted for about 70% of the entire printing industry's production capacity.
2. Book printing is mainly based on text pages
Although various books, publications, and cover contents are all different, their common features are: 1 Text-based; 2 Composing pages in album form.
The comparison of Chinese characters with Western Pinyin texts is very distinctive. There are only dozens of letters in the phonetic alphabet, and the common Chinese characters are around 70 00 words. Therefore, for the printing of Chinese books and magazines using Chinese characters, text typesetting is a very complicated technology. General book printing companies must set up a certain size of the typesetting workshop. Built-in lead, cast, pick the word, typesetting, proofreading, paper type, pouring lead plate and other processes. For books and magazines with a relatively large number of prints, besides the lead edition, in order to increase the resistance of the lead edition, iron or copper is often plated on the lead edition. From the manuscript to the typographical workshop, more than 10 processes are required to make a printed version. Prior to the 1980s, the general printing of books and periodicals was also printed in movable type. Due to the complex typesetting of movable type, labor intensity, coupled with lead and pollution of the environment, which hinder the health of workers and other reasons, for a long time, many people in the printing and printing industry have been seeking to replace the backward lead-type typesetting with a new typesetting method. This effort has finally come to fruition. Since the 1980s, the typesetting of “printing†in book printing has gradually been replaced by the “cold row†of computer typesetting.
In general, books and magazines are made up of a series of graphic-compatible printing albums that are stacked and bound together, and the number of books and periodicals printed is relatively large. Therefore, from the middle of the 19th century to the 1980s, most books and publications were printed with more than one copy. Larger platform printers and rotary printers. The task of printing is merely to transfer the graphic from the printing plate to the paper, and also to fold the printed page into the signature in the order of the page number, and then stack the multiple signatures in the order of the page number. The binding, the cover, and the cutting are the last Books and magazines. From here, we can see that the biggest feature of the printing of books and periodicals is that the entire process of printing books and periodicals is composed of three major processes of typesetting, printing, and binding. Text typesetting is prepress processing; book binding is also called postpress processing. Due to the two major processes of graphic typesetting and bookbinding, manual manual labor occupies a large proportion, so the employees of these two major processes often account for more than two-thirds of the total number of people printing in books and periodicals. Other printing, such as packaging and printing, commercial culture and education printing, and securities printing, are similar in the intermediate printing process and in the printing of books, but in terms of prepress processing and postpress processing, the difference is obvious.
3. Book printing has obvious processing and production properties
It is not controversial that people often regard books as spiritual products. Because it is the graphic content of books and magazines that acts on people’s ideology, that is, the spirit of the content of books and magazines. However, the spiritual thing cannot be saved long-term beyond time and space. In order to keep the spirit alive, one must first express the spirit in words, words, or drawings, and then copy the words or drawings on an object so that it becomes the material carrier of the spiritual product. To be precise, books and magazines are material carriers for graphic and spiritual products. Then, the printing of books and publications is an industry that processes and produces such material carriers. In Europe and the United States, the printing industry is generally classified as a manufacturing industry. This has some truth. Because the printed product is indeed manufactured through the printing plant. But in China, people think of printing as a processing industry. Why? You see: books and periodicals are publications. Therefore, the content of books and magazines is not determined by the printing press, but by the publishing house (or other publishing department). It is the layout design of the books, the cover design, and in most cases, the printing paper and binding materials are also provided by these departments. The task of the printing factory is to complete the processing and production according to the design requirements of these publishing departments. This feature of book printing, to a certain extent, determines the interdependence between book printing and publishing departments. Some large publishers established their own direct printing factories for the convenience of printing and processing. The director of the factory is appointed by the publisher; the publisher's book processing and printing tasks are undertaken by the printer. The printing factory is actually an affiliate of the publishing house. If, in the past, the affiliation relationship between the printing plant and the publishing house was able to maintain the survival of the printing plant under the planned economic system in the past, in the 1990s, during the transition from the planned economy to the market economy, The ties between publishers have become slack, and many book and print publishers have had to move to the market to find their way out. It is inevitable that they will encounter difficulties temporarily in the tide of the market economy.
Printing Recovery> Second, the recovery of book printing
Books and periodicals are cultural products. The rise and fall of books and periodicals printing depends to a large extent on the status of socio-economic culture. Since the late 1930s to the late 1940s in China, due to the impact of war, the economy has shrunk and the culture has slumped. The printing industry has also been affected by it, and it is in a state of desolateness and decline.
Shanghai has always been a large city with a large concentration of Chinese book printing industry. According to the statistics of the Shanghai Printing Industry Association in 1951, there are 76 printing factories and 3100 printing enterprises in the printing industry, 147 printing and 3380 printing industries, and 130 bookbinding businesses. , 3640 people. These factories are generally only a few dozen to dozens of people. They are small in scale, poorly equipped, and have a very small production capacity. The annual lead output is only about 200,000 reams, which is not as good as the annual output of a large-scale book printing company. According to incomplete statistics, the total output of printed books and periodicals in the country in 1949 was less than 500,000. Taking this output as compared with the population of more than 400 million people in China at the time, it can be seen how weak the book printing industry was at that time.
The Chinese book printing industry is starting to recover from such a backward and weak starting point.
In 1949, the General Administration of the People's Republic of China established the General Administration of Publication to manage the work of publishing, printing and distribution. On October 28, 1950, the General Administration of Publishing issued the "Decision on the Specialization of Division of Labor and the Adjustment of Public-Private Relations in the Publication and Printing and Distribution Enterprises of State-run Books and Periodicals." According to the spirit of the decision, the state-run Xinhua Bookstore, which was originally compiled, printed, and distributed into one, was divided into three groups. People's Publishing House, Xinhua Printing Plant Management Office, and Xinhua Bookstore Head Office were established. Since the printing of Chinese books and periodicals, whether it is the state-run or public-privately-run book printing and publishing companies, they have all incorporated the top-down management system of books and periodicals printed by the General Administration of Publishing. In 1954, the General Administration of Administration was withdrawn, and the country’s publishing business was managed by the Publishing Authority of the Ministry of Culture. In each province, municipality directly under the central government, and autonomous region, a publishing bureau is also established to manage publishing, printing, and distribution services.
Since the 1950s, the society has become increasingly stable, education has started, and students need textbooks. It is imperative that the production of books and periodicals be resumed as soon as possible. At that time, on a nationwide scale, private book printing companies also occupied a considerable proportion, but most of them were too small. On the one hand, the government assigned them the task of printing books and periodicals. On the one hand, the small, ultra-dispersed, small-scale factories were merged or public-private partnerships were carried out so that everyone could work hard.
In April 1951, the National Xinhua Printing Factory held its first work conference, and the printing presses of the books and periodicals were restored to 304. The absolute number of manufacturers may be reduced, but the factory's production capacity has been relatively expanded, with a total of 777 Taiwan-based printers (Note: two for the boot one). Of these, 12 state-run Xinhua Printing Plants had 128 lead printers, accounting for 16.5% of the total number of lead printers in the country (Table 19-1).
Table 19-11 Statistics of Printing Machines of Books and Publications in Various Regions of the Country in April 951
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