Specificity and sensitivity of analytical method development types

The first thing to pay attention to in the analysis method is specificity. The so-called specificity is that when we analyze a certain compound, the analysis signal obtained must be completely derived from the signal generated by this compound itself. In the early years when chromatography was not so prevalent, we tried to use various methods to obtain the specific signal of this compound. For example, a certain wavelength in the spectrum only absorbs this compound. We can also use the redox properties of this compound to generate a signal from the electrode. There is also the use of the compound itself in thermochemistry to generate an endothermic and exothermic signal. Slowly, our chromatography started. Because of the development of chromatography, the compound to be analyzed can be separated from a mixture, and the specificity of this compound can be obtained for qualitative and quantitative determination. At present, in the United States, the application of chromatography is already ranked in the balance, and the pH meter has become the third most commonly used analytical instrument. I believe the main reason is that chromatography can easily provide the specificity of each compound. Simply put, the so-called acquisition of specificity is actually the effect of processing the sample matrix (Sample Matrix). If the interference caused by the matrix is ​​removed, the specificity of our analyte will naturally appear. That is to say, we can quantify the reference substance of the compound.

Sensitivity is to enable us to get the maximum signal by mobilizing the components of the instrument. Alternatively, the chemical reaction enables the analyte to generate pre-column or post-column derivatives to increase sensitivity. Of course, when we talk about signals, we must consider the baseline, which is the Signal / Noise ratio. In the case of chromatography, if the sensitivity is high, the amount of sample we inject is small. Think about the simplest way to remove the matrix effect of the sample most effectively is to dilute the sample. Therefore, if the highest sensitivity can be achieved, it is really the simplest and fastest way to obtain sample specificity. This is what I have repeatedly emphasized. When we are doing content analysis, we use a simple isocratic, short-time separation method. Then try to reduce the sample injection volume (but you need to consider the repeatability of the integrated area). Because the injection volume is small, even if there is one percent of impurities, I am afraid that it cannot be detected. Of course, we need another gradient separation method with large injection volume and long time to detect 0.1% impurities. In terms of chromatography, we can choose wavelengths or different detectors. Let's see that we use mass spectrometry for trace analysis. Previously complicated sample preparation procedures can be simplified or even omitted because of the specificity and high sensitivity of mass spectrometry.


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