An automatic weather station (AWS) is a system that uses various electronic sensors, data acquisition devices, and computer-controlled observation stations to automatically collect and transmit meteorological data. These systems are essential for continuous weather monitoring and provide critical information for weather forecasting, environmental research, and disaster management.
Wired telemetry AWSs separate the sensing components from the reading or recording instruments by distances ranging from tens of meters to several kilometers. The data is transmitted through wired communication circuits, which include signal converters, wiring systems, and display instruments. This type of system is commonly used in locations requiring real-time weather data, such as airports, where timely and accurate information is crucial. With advancements in telecommunications and computing, many weather stations have transitioned to telemetry, allowing automated data collection and transmission across multiple elements. Some countries have even established national telemetry networks, with central computers managing dozens of stations to enhance efficiency and accuracy.
Wireless automatic weather stations, also known as wireless AWSs, are compact systems that operate using electronic circuits and are programmed to take regular measurements and send reports. They typically consist of a measurement system, a program control unit, a data transmission system, and a power source. These stations can work continuously for up to a year and perform observations between 1 to 48 times daily. Their signals can be received from hundreds to over a thousand kilometers away, and they often use satellite technology to relay data. Wireless AWSs are ideal for remote areas like deserts, mountains, and oceans, where traditional infrastructure is limited.
Meteorological elements are converted into electrical signals using methods such as mechanical coding or low-frequency modulation. Mechanical coding involves moving parts that generate different codes, while low-frequency modulation uses changes in electrical properties to produce signals that are then transmitted via radio waves.
In places with sparse populations—such as high-altitude plateaus, deserts, and isolated islands—automatic weather stations are often deployed to monitor weather conditions. These stations operate around the clock, regardless of weather conditions, ensuring continuous data collection for scientific and safety purposes.
Currently, there are three main types of automatic weather stations:
1. **Wireless Automatic Weather Station**: A small, self-contained system that operates on electronic circuits and sends data at set intervals. It can function for about a year and is used in remote areas like oceans, deserts, and mountains. Marine stations come in buoy and fixed versions, providing real-time oceanic data.
2. **Wired Telemetry Automatic Weather Station**: This system includes sensors, interface circuits, a microcomputer, and a communication module. The microcomputer processes and stores data before sending it to users. These stations are commonly found in airports, forests, and environmental monitoring centers, where frequent access to weather data is needed.
3. **Long-Term Automatic Weather Station**: Designed for data collection only, these stations store information locally on a data logger or SD card and are retrieved periodically by staff. They are ideal for long-term studies where real-time transmission is not necessary.
Automatic weather stations play a vital role in modern meteorology, supporting both local and global weather monitoring efforts. Whether in urban centers or remote regions, these systems ensure that critical weather data is always available.
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