In order to find a safer and more effective vaccine, scientists at Arizona State University used DNA nanotechnology to develop a new class of synthetic vaccines, demonstrating the broad prospects of this technology. This new class of synthetic vaccines can be safely and efficiently transported through self-assembled three-dimensional DNA nanostructures. The article was published in Nano Letters.
The researchers pointed out that vaccines have played a great role in effectively improving public health. Vaccine development mainly uses genetic engineering to assemble immune system-stimulating proteins into virus-like particle VLPs to simulate the structure of natural viruses and reduce pathogenic viruses. genetic material.
DNA nanotechnology can assemble macromolecules of life into 2D and 3D forms. Its advantage is that DNA nanotechnology, as a programmable system, can accurately simulate the activity of natural molecules in the body. The researchers attached DNA nanostructures of different sizes and shapes to corresponding molecules to test whether the vaccine complex could elicit an immune response. Thanks to biomimetic technology, these vaccine complexes are very similar in size and morphology to natural viral particles.
To verify this technique, the researchers connected the immunostimulatory protein streptavidin STV and the immune response component (adjuvant CpG oligo-deoxynucletides) to the pyramidal and branched DNA structures to synthesize the vaccine complex.
First, the researchers connected a luminescent molecule to this nanostructure and found that the vaccine complex has been stable in the corresponding part of the cell for several hours. Such a long time is enough to mobilize the cascade effect of the immune system.
The researchers then tried to deliver the vaccine to the first batch of responding cells, antigen-presenting cells (including macrophages, dendritic cells and nuclear B cells) that initiated an effective immune response in mice. After the vaccine enters these cells, it is processed and "presented" on the cell surface to the core white blood cells, T cells, that trigger a protective immune response. T cells help B cells to produce antibodies against the target antigen.
The researchers injected mice with: 1) a complete vaccine complex; 2) STV (antigen); 3) CpG (adjuvant) mixed with STV. 70 days after the injection, the researchers found that the immune response of mice vaccinated with the complete vaccine complex was 9 times stronger than that of mice injected with CpG adjuvant mixed with STV. Pyramid-shaped nanostructures have the strongest immune response. The immune response caused by the vaccine complex is not only particularly strong, but also safe and effective. Studies have shown that injection of the DNA delivery platform alone does not trigger an immune response.
The researchers pointed out that this platform can also be used to develop vaccines that require multiple components. Although their technology needs to be further optimized, it still has broad application prospects.
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