The research team of the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liu Cuihua, is dedicated to the study of the molecular mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis and other important pathogens interact with the host. In the early March 2015, the cover story was published in the journal Immunology of Immunology on the secretion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The important effect of the effector protein PtpA on the inhibition of host innate immunity by ubiquitin molecules" (Nature Immunology, 2015, 16:237-245.), the team's regulation of host innate immunity against the M. tuberculosis effector protein Mce3E The research has made new progress, and The Journal of Immunology recently published relevant research results online. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which the Mce3E protein of M. tuberculosis inhibits the innate immune signaling pathway in macrophages in a unique "spatial regulation" mode.
In recent years, the emergence and spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases have had a tremendous impact on the health, economic development and social stability of the global population. Since the types of drugs currently available for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis are very limited, there is an urgent need to explore new targets for anti-tuberculosis drugs. M. tuberculosis (Mtb), a pathogen of tuberculosis, can survive long-term survival in host macrophages as a typical intracellular bacteria that can escape the immune system surveillance, and its exact molecular mechanism is not yet complete. clear.
Many pathogens can interfere with or regulate the modification of certain key protein molecules in the host (such as ubiquitination and phosphorylation), thereby effectively interfering with the function of the host cell and ultimately promoting the survival of the pathogen in the host cell. At present, the research on the function of Mtb-secreting effector proteins to regulate host cells only involves the tip of the iceberg in this field, and many questions remain to be answered. For example, what effector proteins secreted by Mtb regulate the function of host cells? What key signaling pathways and host interaction protein molecules are involved in them? What are the biochemical mechanisms of their interaction with host protein molecules? It will help to better understand the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and lay a theoretical foundation for its prevention and treatment.
There are four mce (mammalian cell entry) operons (mce1-4) in the Mtb genome, and the encoded proteins constitute a large class of Mce families. Since the Mce family proteins specifically bind to small molecule compounds and they have no homologous genes in the human genome, they are an ideal potential drug target. Previous studies suggest that the mce3 operon may play an important role in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, but the exact function of the individual protein molecules encoded by this operon is unclear. Under the guidance of researcher Liu Cuihua, Li Jie, a master student of the research group, used molecular microbiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, cell biology and immunology methods to study the innate immunity of M. tuberculosis Mce3E to the host. Regulatory role and mechanism. It is revealed that the Mce3E protein encoded by the Mce3 operon of M. tuberculosis can promote the survival of mycobacteria in macrophages by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase Erk1/2 and the related innate immune signaling pathway. During the infection, Mce3E can be secreted into macrophages. In one aspect, Mce3E can competitively bind Erk1/2 to MEK1 through its DEF motif (a motif that specifically binds to MAPK molecules such as Erk1/2), thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 by MEK1; On the other hand, Mce3E also specifically localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell and inhibits its entry into the nucleus by binding it to the endoplasmic reticulum by binding to the phosphorylated Erk1/2 molecule (p-Erk1/2). This enhances the inhibition of the Erk1/2 signaling pathway (see figure). These new findings help to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of latent infection and pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, and also provide new targets for the design of anti-tuberculosis drugs based on the Mce3E-Erk1/2 interaction interface.
The bristle taken from boars are harder than badger hair and are at first very coarse, which is not so comfortable on the skin. The courser texture of the bristles makes it very useful for lathering soaps well because of its ability to agitate the surface of the soap very easily. Over time, the tips of the bristles will soften and feel a bit more broken in, but will never be as soft on the face as badger hair. Colors range from yellow to white, often with a black imitation band as decoration.
Synthetic bristles have been significantly improved in recent years. The cheapest brushes still use relatively thick nylon bristles and are not particularly comfortable. But you can also find amazing products made from high-quality synthetic fibers analogously to the best natural badger hair. In particular, the synthetic brushes made by the German brand are top notch. The first version of these brushes wasn`t as good but these new fibers are astonishingly soft and extremely long-lasting. In fact, the tips are softer than any Animal Hair brush, while also being less sensitive in everyday as they dry faster than natural hair. This kind of synthetic bristle was designed and engineered specifically for shaving and some like them better than animal hair brushes. On top of that, these brushes are PETA-approved, vegan, and perfectly suited for men who are allergic to animal hair or badger hair. As if that wouldn`t be enough, you will also need about half of the amount of shaving cream or soap compared to an animal hair brush.
Shaving Brushes,Shaving Brush,Customized Logo Resin Shaving Brush Handle,Oem Service Shaving Brush Knot
Luyi County Jiamei Cosmetic CO.,Ltd , https://www.eyelash.show