ã€Abstract】Based on the history and status quo of the development of US military packaging standards, this paper analyzes in detail the current status of military packaging standards in our military and puts forward the future development direction of our military packaging standards.
ã€Subject words】 Current status of development of military packaging standards I. INTRODUCTION The packaging of military materials is an important part of the modernization of military logistics, and is an important safeguard for the protection, storage, transportation, storage, and supply of military equipment and supplies. Through the correct and reasonable packaging of military materials, it is possible to achieve the objectives of storage unitization, loading and unloading mechanization, transportation containerization, and ensuring rapidity, and meet the requirements of rapid response to local warfare under modern high-tech conditions. However, to realize serialization, standardization, and generalization of material packaging, we must fully recognize the important role of standardization.
The so-called standardization means “to define, publish, and implement standards for repetitive things and concepts, and to achieve unity in order to obtain the best order and social benefits.†Standards play an important role in regulating and guiding packaging, from the production and acceptance of materials. , transportation, storage until the hands of users, standards throughout the entire process. The U.S. Army, British Army, French Army, German Army, etc. have always attached great importance to the formulation and revision of packaging standards and norms. All countries have formed their own distinctive packaging standards system.
Second, the history and status quo of US military packaging standardization The US military is one of the countries that developed military packaging standards earlier, and it is no exaggeration. He said that from the day when the US military packaging was born, the US military packaging standard was born at the same time. The packaging standards and specifications are gradually improved along with the development of the US military packaging. Every time a packaging problem arises, the U.S. military will immediately formulate corresponding standards or norms to solve these problems. In World War II, two days after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Army’s Office of the Deputy Minister of the Army signed a general directive on packaging in response to the problem that overseas shipments of packaging materials were either simply not protected or contained. This specification sets requirements for the packaging of goods shipped overseas. In 1945, the Joint Army Naval Packaging Bureau was established. After the establishment of this session, a series of general packaging specifications were established. These include the famous JAN-P 108. By the end of the Second World War, about 36 packaging general specifications had been established at the session. From the late 1940s to early 50s, the U.S. military formulated a series of packaging norms and standards in various fields. In 1952, the Naval Aviation Equipment Supply Division developed the military standard MIL-P-116, which divides storage methods into three categories and 21 sub-categories. At this time, all arms and arms actively develop weapons systems, which require the development of corresponding packaging requirements. The Navy has developed MIL-STD-794 as required to provide general guidance for the development of packaging requirements. Then it developed MIL-STD-834. The Air Force also applied these standards to their practice. The arms and services also developed a series of packaging requirements as part of the federal code to replace the JAN documents developed during World War II. Another role is actually to use military specifications instead of procurement documents. As of January 31, 1950, the Philadelphia Military Depot used MIL-K-l950 instead of procurement documents. However, because the US military has no uniform plans and coordination for the formulation of packaging standards or specifications, each military has independently developed its own packaging specifications, resulting in the duplication of a large number of specifications and standards, making the standard system more confusing. In response to this situation, a report submitted by JPCG to the Assistant Secretary of Defense on July 13, 1989 suggested that MIL-P-116 should be included in the MIL-STD-2073 series of documents. They also suggested that the MIL-STD-2073 series of documents should be readjusted and that at least 197 codes should be deleted. Finally, they asked to remove 51 packaging specifications and merge the other 68 packaging specifications into 21.
After decades of development, the US military has reached more than 1,000 packaging standards. Including packaging data sheets, federal norms and standards, military specifications and standards, order forms and drawings, thus forming a set of complete, systematic, supporting and related standards system. Each important standard and specification has a large number of supporting documents. This inspection standard systematically stipulates the packaging dimensions, specifications, materials, containers, cleaning and protective measures, packaging methods, quality and technical requirements for each process during the packaging operation, and the method of loading the packages. Storage and transportation tests, signs, inspections and inspections, etc. have also made clear and detailed regulations, so that the production and acceptance of military packaging have laws and regulations that can be followed. Through the use of this complete standard system, the US military organizes and directs the production and development of products, and effectively controls the competitive process of bidding and bidding. The entire standard system runs through all aspects of development, review, ordering, handling, storage, use, and management of military equipment packaging, so that the entire packaging work can be implemented according to law, and the operability and versatility of the packaging are enhanced, facilitating the military. Parties, orderers and contractors.
III. Current Status of Packaging Standardization of Our Army The military’s military packaging standardization work started from the mid-term of the “Eighth Five-Year Planâ€, and in the latter part of the “Ninth Five-Year Planâ€, it was in accordance with the overall deployment of the former National Defense Technology and Industry Committee “swiftly researching, accelerating formulation, and catching upâ€. Requirements, through the joint efforts of the entire military packaging workers, military packaging standardization work has been rapid development, and achieved remarkable results. Our military currently has a total of 102 military packaging standards, of which more than half have reached the international standards of the 1980s and foreign advanced standards. The standard content covers comprehensive categories, ammunition, communications, armor, missiles, etc., and basically covers all areas and departments of our military. According to the professional division, including packaging signs, packaging materials, packaging containers, packaging protection and other aspects. These standards have been harmonized with national packaging standards, and have initially formed a unique military packaging standard system for our military. These standards have met the requirements of the standardization of military materials packaging to a certain extent, and have played an important role in the standardization, serialization, and generalization of our military material packaging. The implementation of these standards has brought about obvious military and economic benefits for the supply of military supplies. Take only the ordnance maintenance equipment as an example, through the serialization and standardization of the equipment, the cost of the troops' use in the transformation of the warehouse is greatly saved; at the same time, the damage of the equipment in circulation and many unnecessary maintenance are reduced.
However, in recent years, with the increase in the modernization of our military, the development of military science and technology, and the emergence of new technologies and materials in military packaging, the existing packaging standards of our military obviously cannot meet the needs of the new situation. The packaging standards for important backbone equipment are still not matched, failing to form a relatively complete system. At the same time, due to various reasons, the existing military packaging standards have been thoroughly implemented, and some of the standards are notorious. Therefore, at the dawn of the 21st century, how to develop military packaging standards for our military to meet the needs of our military's future modernization has become an important issue before us.
Fourth, the military military packaging standards of the future development direction 1, standardize and improve the military packaging standardization system, unified coordination of military packaging standards for the revision of the military packaging standard system is a complete system, is the entire army of all kinds of material packaging development, production , acceptance and use of packaging standards on the composition of the link. The imperfect packaging standards for each type of material and each link will not affect the overall function of the standard system, thus constraining the formation and restoration of the comprehensive combat effectiveness and security of the troops. There is a big gap between the existing packaging standards of our army and the packing standards of the armed forces of advanced countries in terms of quantity and quality, and it is far from meeting the needs of the existing materials and equipment packaging. Therefore, in the next century, we must focus on perfecting and developing the existing packaging standards system. However, in the process of improving the system, we must coordinate and make arrangements for the revision of the packaging standards of the entire military to avoid duplication of standards. The development of the US military packaging standards and norms gave us good lessons. Since the U.S. Army’s early wells did not uniformly manage the formulation of packaging standards and specifications, each military service group developed its own packaging standards according to its own needs, resulting in a large number of repetitions of standards and specifications, so that it was necessary to spend a lot of time and effort in the later period. Standard deletions and mergers.
2. Focusing on the formulation of a batch of packaging standards applicable to procurement contracts With the continuous improvement and development of the military supply system and China’s market economy, our military’s procurement system for weapons and equipment will also be further improved. When formulating procurement contracts, it is necessary not only to put forward requirements for the technical performance of equipment, but also to put forward clear requirements for the packaging of equipment. However, in the existing packaging standard system, there are still relatively few standards that can be used to pursue this link. Many important equipments do not have corresponding packaging requirements. Many ordering departments report that there is no standard to comply with, so they cannot be equipped. The clear and specific requirements of the factory packaging have led to the unqualified packaging of many materials. After they arrive in the warehouse, they have to be repackaged, which wastes a lot of human, material and financial resources. Therefore, we must concentrate on supplementing the formulation of general specifications and important product specifications for equipment packaging to meet the needs of military ordering.
3. Develop corresponding standards in time for new equipment, technologies, and materials that are constantly emerging. With the continuous development of science and technology, new technologies and materials are constantly being used in military packaging. Such as stealth packaging, smart packaging, radiation protection, anti-IR packaging. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of the modernization of our military, a large number of high-tech equipment continue to equip troops. However, the corresponding packaging standards have not kept pace with the development of equipment and new technologies, and a large number of new equipment packages have no standards to follow, resulting in advanced Equipment, backward packaging situation, in view of this situation, we must constantly track the development of today's science and technology, grasp the latest trends in military equipment, and timely formulate the relevant packaging standards.
4. Intensify the development of a modern warfare package standard for combat support, especially local warfare under high-tech conditions. A large number of warfare materials are consumed. The amount of material guarantees is huge, and the guarantee time is short, and the security space is also developing in a three-dimensional manner. During the Gulf War, the U.S. military transported more than 540,000 tons of equipment and supplies by air in just 7 months, and transported more than 340 million tons of materials and 6.1 million barrels of oil. It was necessary to build long-distance, high-speed transportation. The highest record of supplies. All of these require that the packaging of materials reach the requirements of containerization and unitization in order to meet the need for rapid shipment. Therefore, in the next century, we should focus on the formulation of packaged packaging standards such as ammunition, food, equipment and equipment, and a series of standards such as package matching standards and airdrop packaging standards.
At the dawn of the new century, the military packaging standardization work must also continue to develop, adapt to the requirements of the 21st century high “technical local warfare, adopt new ideas, new working methods, and improve the existing military packaging standard system, keeping up with the world. The development of science and technology will complete a batch of military packaging standards and norms with a high starting point, high technical content, and good military economic benefits, improve the overall technical level of military packaging, and achieve the overall goal of ensuring strong support.
REFERENCES THE HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MILITARY PACKAGING JOSEPH C. MALONEY, JR
Defense Systems Management College Press (Author: Office of the General Logistics Department Material Packaging Guo Baohua Ma Hongliang)
ã€Subject words】 Current status of development of military packaging standards I. INTRODUCTION The packaging of military materials is an important part of the modernization of military logistics, and is an important safeguard for the protection, storage, transportation, storage, and supply of military equipment and supplies. Through the correct and reasonable packaging of military materials, it is possible to achieve the objectives of storage unitization, loading and unloading mechanization, transportation containerization, and ensuring rapidity, and meet the requirements of rapid response to local warfare under modern high-tech conditions. However, to realize serialization, standardization, and generalization of material packaging, we must fully recognize the important role of standardization.
The so-called standardization means “to define, publish, and implement standards for repetitive things and concepts, and to achieve unity in order to obtain the best order and social benefits.†Standards play an important role in regulating and guiding packaging, from the production and acceptance of materials. , transportation, storage until the hands of users, standards throughout the entire process. The U.S. Army, British Army, French Army, German Army, etc. have always attached great importance to the formulation and revision of packaging standards and norms. All countries have formed their own distinctive packaging standards system.
Second, the history and status quo of US military packaging standardization The US military is one of the countries that developed military packaging standards earlier, and it is no exaggeration. He said that from the day when the US military packaging was born, the US military packaging standard was born at the same time. The packaging standards and specifications are gradually improved along with the development of the US military packaging. Every time a packaging problem arises, the U.S. military will immediately formulate corresponding standards or norms to solve these problems. In World War II, two days after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Army’s Office of the Deputy Minister of the Army signed a general directive on packaging in response to the problem that overseas shipments of packaging materials were either simply not protected or contained. This specification sets requirements for the packaging of goods shipped overseas. In 1945, the Joint Army Naval Packaging Bureau was established. After the establishment of this session, a series of general packaging specifications were established. These include the famous JAN-P 108. By the end of the Second World War, about 36 packaging general specifications had been established at the session. From the late 1940s to early 50s, the U.S. military formulated a series of packaging norms and standards in various fields. In 1952, the Naval Aviation Equipment Supply Division developed the military standard MIL-P-116, which divides storage methods into three categories and 21 sub-categories. At this time, all arms and arms actively develop weapons systems, which require the development of corresponding packaging requirements. The Navy has developed MIL-STD-794 as required to provide general guidance for the development of packaging requirements. Then it developed MIL-STD-834. The Air Force also applied these standards to their practice. The arms and services also developed a series of packaging requirements as part of the federal code to replace the JAN documents developed during World War II. Another role is actually to use military specifications instead of procurement documents. As of January 31, 1950, the Philadelphia Military Depot used MIL-K-l950 instead of procurement documents. However, because the US military has no uniform plans and coordination for the formulation of packaging standards or specifications, each military has independently developed its own packaging specifications, resulting in the duplication of a large number of specifications and standards, making the standard system more confusing. In response to this situation, a report submitted by JPCG to the Assistant Secretary of Defense on July 13, 1989 suggested that MIL-P-116 should be included in the MIL-STD-2073 series of documents. They also suggested that the MIL-STD-2073 series of documents should be readjusted and that at least 197 codes should be deleted. Finally, they asked to remove 51 packaging specifications and merge the other 68 packaging specifications into 21.
After decades of development, the US military has reached more than 1,000 packaging standards. Including packaging data sheets, federal norms and standards, military specifications and standards, order forms and drawings, thus forming a set of complete, systematic, supporting and related standards system. Each important standard and specification has a large number of supporting documents. This inspection standard systematically stipulates the packaging dimensions, specifications, materials, containers, cleaning and protective measures, packaging methods, quality and technical requirements for each process during the packaging operation, and the method of loading the packages. Storage and transportation tests, signs, inspections and inspections, etc. have also made clear and detailed regulations, so that the production and acceptance of military packaging have laws and regulations that can be followed. Through the use of this complete standard system, the US military organizes and directs the production and development of products, and effectively controls the competitive process of bidding and bidding. The entire standard system runs through all aspects of development, review, ordering, handling, storage, use, and management of military equipment packaging, so that the entire packaging work can be implemented according to law, and the operability and versatility of the packaging are enhanced, facilitating the military. Parties, orderers and contractors.
III. Current Status of Packaging Standardization of Our Army The military’s military packaging standardization work started from the mid-term of the “Eighth Five-Year Planâ€, and in the latter part of the “Ninth Five-Year Planâ€, it was in accordance with the overall deployment of the former National Defense Technology and Industry Committee “swiftly researching, accelerating formulation, and catching upâ€. Requirements, through the joint efforts of the entire military packaging workers, military packaging standardization work has been rapid development, and achieved remarkable results. Our military currently has a total of 102 military packaging standards, of which more than half have reached the international standards of the 1980s and foreign advanced standards. The standard content covers comprehensive categories, ammunition, communications, armor, missiles, etc., and basically covers all areas and departments of our military. According to the professional division, including packaging signs, packaging materials, packaging containers, packaging protection and other aspects. These standards have been harmonized with national packaging standards, and have initially formed a unique military packaging standard system for our military. These standards have met the requirements of the standardization of military materials packaging to a certain extent, and have played an important role in the standardization, serialization, and generalization of our military material packaging. The implementation of these standards has brought about obvious military and economic benefits for the supply of military supplies. Take only the ordnance maintenance equipment as an example, through the serialization and standardization of the equipment, the cost of the troops' use in the transformation of the warehouse is greatly saved; at the same time, the damage of the equipment in circulation and many unnecessary maintenance are reduced.
However, in recent years, with the increase in the modernization of our military, the development of military science and technology, and the emergence of new technologies and materials in military packaging, the existing packaging standards of our military obviously cannot meet the needs of the new situation. The packaging standards for important backbone equipment are still not matched, failing to form a relatively complete system. At the same time, due to various reasons, the existing military packaging standards have been thoroughly implemented, and some of the standards are notorious. Therefore, at the dawn of the 21st century, how to develop military packaging standards for our military to meet the needs of our military's future modernization has become an important issue before us.
Fourth, the military military packaging standards of the future development direction 1, standardize and improve the military packaging standardization system, unified coordination of military packaging standards for the revision of the military packaging standard system is a complete system, is the entire army of all kinds of material packaging development, production , acceptance and use of packaging standards on the composition of the link. The imperfect packaging standards for each type of material and each link will not affect the overall function of the standard system, thus constraining the formation and restoration of the comprehensive combat effectiveness and security of the troops. There is a big gap between the existing packaging standards of our army and the packing standards of the armed forces of advanced countries in terms of quantity and quality, and it is far from meeting the needs of the existing materials and equipment packaging. Therefore, in the next century, we must focus on perfecting and developing the existing packaging standards system. However, in the process of improving the system, we must coordinate and make arrangements for the revision of the packaging standards of the entire military to avoid duplication of standards. The development of the US military packaging standards and norms gave us good lessons. Since the U.S. Army’s early wells did not uniformly manage the formulation of packaging standards and specifications, each military service group developed its own packaging standards according to its own needs, resulting in a large number of repetitions of standards and specifications, so that it was necessary to spend a lot of time and effort in the later period. Standard deletions and mergers.
2. Focusing on the formulation of a batch of packaging standards applicable to procurement contracts With the continuous improvement and development of the military supply system and China’s market economy, our military’s procurement system for weapons and equipment will also be further improved. When formulating procurement contracts, it is necessary not only to put forward requirements for the technical performance of equipment, but also to put forward clear requirements for the packaging of equipment. However, in the existing packaging standard system, there are still relatively few standards that can be used to pursue this link. Many important equipments do not have corresponding packaging requirements. Many ordering departments report that there is no standard to comply with, so they cannot be equipped. The clear and specific requirements of the factory packaging have led to the unqualified packaging of many materials. After they arrive in the warehouse, they have to be repackaged, which wastes a lot of human, material and financial resources. Therefore, we must concentrate on supplementing the formulation of general specifications and important product specifications for equipment packaging to meet the needs of military ordering.
3. Develop corresponding standards in time for new equipment, technologies, and materials that are constantly emerging. With the continuous development of science and technology, new technologies and materials are constantly being used in military packaging. Such as stealth packaging, smart packaging, radiation protection, anti-IR packaging. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of the modernization of our military, a large number of high-tech equipment continue to equip troops. However, the corresponding packaging standards have not kept pace with the development of equipment and new technologies, and a large number of new equipment packages have no standards to follow, resulting in advanced Equipment, backward packaging situation, in view of this situation, we must constantly track the development of today's science and technology, grasp the latest trends in military equipment, and timely formulate the relevant packaging standards.
4. Intensify the development of a modern warfare package standard for combat support, especially local warfare under high-tech conditions. A large number of warfare materials are consumed. The amount of material guarantees is huge, and the guarantee time is short, and the security space is also developing in a three-dimensional manner. During the Gulf War, the U.S. military transported more than 540,000 tons of equipment and supplies by air in just 7 months, and transported more than 340 million tons of materials and 6.1 million barrels of oil. It was necessary to build long-distance, high-speed transportation. The highest record of supplies. All of these require that the packaging of materials reach the requirements of containerization and unitization in order to meet the need for rapid shipment. Therefore, in the next century, we should focus on the formulation of packaged packaging standards such as ammunition, food, equipment and equipment, and a series of standards such as package matching standards and airdrop packaging standards.
At the dawn of the new century, the military packaging standardization work must also continue to develop, adapt to the requirements of the 21st century high “technical local warfare, adopt new ideas, new working methods, and improve the existing military packaging standard system, keeping up with the world. The development of science and technology will complete a batch of military packaging standards and norms with a high starting point, high technical content, and good military economic benefits, improve the overall technical level of military packaging, and achieve the overall goal of ensuring strong support.
REFERENCES THE HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MILITARY PACKAGING JOSEPH C. MALONEY, JR
Defense Systems Management College Press (Author: Office of the General Logistics Department Material Packaging Guo Baohua Ma Hongliang)
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